All this is necessary to enable a young man of twenty to find doors everywhere open to him to be received everywhere on an equal footing， to be able to speak and to write three or four living languages， to make long， expensive， and instructive sojourns in foreign lands， to select and vary his position in the different branches of the public service， without pay or nearly so， and with no object in view but that of his political culture Thus brought up a man， even of common capacity， is worthy of being consulted. If he is of superior ability， and there is employment for him， he may become a statesman before thirty； he may acquire ripe capacities， become prime Minister， the sole pilot， alone able， like Pitt， Canning， or Peel， to steer the ship of State between the reefs， or give in the nick of time the touch to the helm which will save the ship. -- Such is the service to which an upper class is adapted.
Only this kind of specialized stud farm can furnish a regular supply of racers， and， now and then， the favorite winner that distances all his competitors in the European field.
But in order that they may prepare and educate themselves for this career， the way must be clear， and they must not be compelled to travel too repulsive a road. If rank， inherited fortune， personal dignity， and refined manners are sources of disfavor with the people； if， to obtain their votes， he is forced to treat as equals electoral brokers of low character； if impudent charlatanism， vulgar declamation， and servile flattery are the sole means by which votes can be secured， then， as nowadays in the United States， and formerly in Athens， the aristocratic body will retire into private life and soon settle down into a state of idleness. A man of culture and refinement， born with an income of a hundred thousand a year， is not tempted to become either manufacturer， lawyer， or physician. For want of other occupation he loiters about， entertains his friends， chats， indulges in the tastes and hobbies of an amateur， is bored or enjoys himself. As a result one of society's great forces is thus lost to the nation. In this way the best and largest acquisition of the past， the heaviest accumulation of material and of moral capital， remain unproductive. In a pure democracy the upper branches of the social tree， not only the old ones but the young ones， remain sterile. When a vigorous branch passes above the rest and reaches the top it ceases to bear fruit. The élite of the nation is thus condemned to constant and irremediable failures because it cannot find a suitable outlet for its activity. It wants no other outlet， for in all directions its rival， who are born below it， can serve as usefully and as well as itself. But this one it must have， for on this its aptitudes are superior， natural， unique， and the State which refuses to employ it resembles the gardener who in his fondness for a plane surface would repress his best shoots.[13] -- Hence， in the constructions which aim to utilize the permanent forces of society and yet maintain civil equality， the aristocracy is brought to take a part in public affairs by the duration and gratuitous character of its mission， by the institution of an hereditary character， by the application of various machinery， all of which is combined so as to develop the ambition， the culture， and the political capacity of the upper class， and to place power， or the control of power， in its hands， on the condition that it shows itself worthy of exercising it. -- Now， in 1789， the upper class was not unworthy of it. Members of the parliaments， the noblemen， bishops， capitalists， were the men amongst whom， and through whom， the philosophy of the eighteenth century was propagated. Never was an aristocracy more liberal， more humane， and more thoroughly converted to useful reforms；[14] many of them remain so under the knife of the guillotine. The magistrates of the superior tribunals， in particular， traditionally and by virtue of their institution， were the enemies of excessive expenditure and the critics of arbitrary acts. As to the gentry of the provinces， "they were so weary，" says one of them，[15] "of the Court and the Ministers that most of them were democrats." For many years， in the Provincial Assemblies， the whole of the upper class， the clergy， nobles， and Third-Estate， furnishes abundant evidence of its good disposition， of its application to business， its capacity and even generosity. Its mode of studying， discussing， and assigning the local taxation indicates what it would have done with the general budget had this been entrusted to it. It is evident that it would have protected the general taxpayer as zealously as the taxpayer of the province， and kept as close an eye upon the public purse at Paris as on that of Bourges or of Montauban. -- Thus were the materials of a good chamber ready at hand， and the only thing that had to be done was to convene them. On having the facts presented to them， its members would have passed without difficulty from a hazardous theory to common-sense practice， and the aristocracy which had enthusiastically given an impetus to reform in its saloons would， in all probability， have carried it out effectively and with moderation in the Parliament.
Unhappily， the Assembly is not providing a Constitution for contemporary Frenchmen， but for abstract beings. Instead of seeing classes in society one placed above the other， it simply sees individuals in juxtaposition； its attention is not fixed on the advantage of the nation， but on the imaginary rights of man. As all men are equal， all must have an equal share in the government.
