[4] "The Modern Régime，" p.316. (Laff. II 581-582.)[5] Basset， censor of studies in the Charlemagne college， "Coup d'？il général sur l'éducation et l'Instruction publique en France" (1816)， p. 21. (State of the University in 1815.)[6] Today， in year 2000， the educational machinery in France employs more than 1 million teachers and， as all children are in school from the age of 3 to at least 16 years of age， there are more than 12million children and students under the tutelage of the state. (SR.)[7] Political party terms.
[8] Ordinance of Feb.21， 1821， article 13， and Report by M. de Corbières： " The youth clamour for a religious and moral direction. .
. . The religious direction belongs by right to the highest pastors：
it is proper to ask from them for these establishments (the university colleges) for constant supervision and to legally call on them to suggest all measures that they may deem necessary."[9] Liard， "L'Enseignement supérieur，" 840 (Speech by Benjamin Constant in the Chamber of Députés， May 18th， 1827).
[10] Ordinances of Novem. 21， 1822， article I， and Feb. 2， 1823， article II.
[11] Ordinances of Sep. 6， 1822， and of Feb. 21st， 1821， title VI， with report by M. de Corbières.
[12] Liard， ibid.， p. 840. (Circular addressed to the rectors by Monseigneur Freyssinous immediately after his installation：) "In summoning a man of sacerdotal character to the head of public instruction， His Majesty has made all France well aware of his great desire to have the youth of his kingdom brought up in monarchical and religious sentiments. . . . Whoever has the misfortune to live without religion， or not to be devoted to the reigning family， ought to be sensible of what he lacks in becoming a worthy instructor of youth. He is to be pitied and is even culpable." - "Ambroise Rendu，" by Eug.
Rendu， p. III (circular to rectors in 1817). "Make it known to the MM.
the bishops and to all ecclesiastics that， in the work of education， you are simply auxiliaries， and that the object of primary instruction is above all to fortify religious instruction."[13] De Riancey， "Histoire de l'instruction publique，" II.，312.
(Apropos of the lectures by Guizot and Cousin， stopped by Mgr. de Freyssinous：) " He did not believe that a Protestant and a philosopher could treat the most delicate questions of history and science with impartiality， and through a fatal effect of the monopoly he found himself placed between his conscience and the law. On this occasion he sacrificed the law."[14] Liard， ibid.， p.837. After 1820， "a series of measures are passed which， little by little， give back its primitive constitution to the University and even end in incorporating it more closely with power than under the Empire.
[15] Here Taine describes the very principle of democratic government in a welfare state. "Do not worry， demand and we supply， the rich will pay！！！" Taine understood and foresaw the riches which the industrial society could be made to produce but neither he nor anyone else could foresee that Human Rights should include central heating， housing， running hot and cold water， television， free health care， a car and worldwide tourism..(SR.)[16] See "The Modern Régime，" I.， pp.183， 202.
[17] Maggiolo， "des Ecoles en Lorraine." (Details on several communal schools.) 3rd part， pp. 9-50. - Cf. Jourdain， "le Budget de l'Instruction publique，" 1857， passim. (Appropriation by the State for primary instruction in 1829， 100，000 francs； in 1832， 1，000，000francs； in 1847， 2，400，000 francs； - for secondary instruction， in 1830， 920，000 francs； in 1848， 1，500，000 francs； in 1854， 1，549，241francs. (The towns support their own communal colleges.) - Liard， "Universités et Facultés，" p. II. In 1829， the budget of Faculties does not reach 1，000，000 francs； in 1848， it is 2，876，000 francs.
[18] Law of Floreal 11， year X， article 4. - " Rapport sur la statistique comparée de l'enseignement primaire，" 1880， vol. II.，p.
133； - 31 per cent of the pupils in the public schools were gratuitously admitted in 1837； 57 per cent in 1876-77. The congregationists admit about two thirds of their scholars gratuitously and one third for pay.
[19] Cf. Jourdain， Ibid.， pp. 22， 143， 161.
[20] Cf. Jourdain， Ibid.， p.287. (The fixed salary and examination-fees are included in the above figures.) In 1850， the regular salary of the professor in the Paris Medical Faculty is reduced from 7000 to 6000 francs. In 1849， the maximum of all the salaries of the Law professors is limited to 12，000 francs.
[21] Read， among other biographies， "Ambroise Rendu，" by Eug. Rendu.
[22] This， in France， lasted until the Communists in 1946 insisted as a price for their participation in governing France that the right to strike for civil servants be inserted in the French Constitution. In this way Stalin was sure to trouble France a great deal. (SR.)[23] "Rapport sur la statistique comparée de l'enseignement primaire，"1880， vol. II.，pp.8， 110， 206. - Law of March 15， 1850， "Exposé des motifs，" by M. Beugnot.
[24] "Revue des Deux Mondes，" number of Aug.15， 1869， pp. 909， 911.
(Article by M. Boissier.)
[25] Act of Nov. 9， 1818. (Down to 1850 and after， the University so arranged its teaching (in high school) as not to come in conflict with the clergy on the debatable grounds of history. For example， at the end of the 8th grade the history of the Roman Empire after Augustus was rapidly passed over and then， in the 9th grade， they began again with the invasion of the barbarians. The origins of Christianity and the entire primitive history of the Christian Church were thus avoided. For the same reason， modern history ended in 1789.
[26] M. Guizot，" Mémoires，" vol. II.
