congresses that took place in various towns in Germany in 1848 and which produced programmes for restoring the guilds to their former prosperity in accordance with Wmkelblech's utopian theories.
[25] The dictated constitution was introduced by Frederick William IV on December 5, 1848. The Lower Chamber met on February 26, 1849, but was dissolved by the government on April 27, 1849.
[26] The battle of Rastatt took place on June 29 & 30, 1849. The defeat of the democratic forces at the hands of the Prussian troops marked the end of the Baden campagne.
[27] The reference is to Goethe's celebrated novel, The Sufferings of Young Werther.
[28] May 1852, i.e. the French presidential election which the democratic movement and especially the émigré's hoped would inaugurate a new democratic epoch.
[29] I.e. the campagne for the Imperial Constitution whose defeat at Rastatt ended the revolutionary struggles.
[30] The Camphausen Ministry in Prussia lasted from March to June 1848.
[31] The Prussian Assembly was dissolved in November 1848.
[32] The Neue Preussische Zeitung also known as the "Krenzzeitung" was founded in June 1848. It was the organ of the extreme right-wing court camarilla. As such it opposed Manteuffel's more moderate conservatism.
[33] The Dresden Uprising lasted from May 3 to May 8, 1849. It broke out when the King of Saxony refused to recognise the Imperial Constitution. The insurrection was led by Bakunin and Samuel Tzschirner and involved workers and artisans. Hence an appeal to the bourgeois democrats of Leipzig went unheeded.
[34] The reference is to June 13, 1849, when Louis Napoleon defeated a challenge to his power by Ledru-Rollin and the Montagne. The influence of the Montagne was now broken and Ledru and others fled into exile.
[35] Brüggemann was chief editor of the Kölnische Zeitung , 1840-1855.
[36] Arnold Winkelried was the half-legendary popular hero of the Swiss war of liberation against the Habsburgs. According to tradition he opened the attack in the decisive battle of Sempach (1386)with the cry "Der Freiheit eine Gasse!"[37] Boiardo, L'Orlando inamorato , canto 17.
[38] I.e. the Karlsruher Zeitung.
[39] A popular sentimental novel by J.
T. Hermes.
[40] The March Clubs were the branches, existing in various German cities of the Central March Club, that had been founded in November 1848 by members of the Frankfurt Left. They were frequency attacked by Marx and Engels in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung for their failure to take action.
[41] Ludwig Börne was the founder of modern polemical German literature. Widely read in his day he exercised a profound influence on the style of Engels and perhaps also Marx. He is now unjustly neglected.
[42] Jakob Venedey, Preussen und Preussentum. Mannheim 1839.
[43] Alcina figures both in the Orlandofurioso of Ariosto and the Orlando Inamorato of Boiardo.
[44] The "wet" Quakers were a reformist trend within the movement in the Twenties of the last century.
[45] See Note 3 to the "Revelations".
[46] Bronzell was the site of an unimportant skirmish between Prussian and Austrian troops on November 8, 1850. It resulted from the claims of both sides to have the sole right to intervene in the affairs of Hesse and to crush an uprising there. Austria received diplomatic support from Russia and so Prussia had to yield. The agreement then reached at Olmütz effectively consolidated the Reaction.
[47] I.e. in Die Jobsiade. Ein komisches Heldengedicht by K. A. Kortum.
